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AEPSÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃ


äÅà ¹è°æ


°¡Àå ȹ±âÀûÀÎ º¯È­´Â 1991³â 6¿ù ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy(AEPS)ÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀÌ´Ù. AEPS´Â ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ºÏ±Ø ȯ°æº¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´ÙÀÚÇù·ÂÁ¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÏÀÚ´Â ÇɶõµåÀÇ Á¦¾È¿¡ µû¶ó ³íÀǵDZ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÏ±Ø±ÇÀº 1980³â´ëºÎÅÍ DDT, ´ÙÀÌ¿Á½Å, Áß±Ý¼Ó µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ È¯°æ¿À¿°°ú ±âÈĺ¯È­, ÀÚ¿ø °úÀ×°³¹ß·Î À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 1986³â ü¸£³ëºô ¿øÀü»ç°í¿Í 1989³â ¾Ë·¡½ºÄ« ¿¬¾ÈÀÇ Exxon Valdez È£ ±â¸§À¯Ãâ»ç°í´Â ȯ°æ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ½É°¢¼ºÀ» ´õÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ±ØÀÇ »ýŰè´Â ȯ°æ¿À¿°¿¡ Ãë¾àÇÏ°í ½±°Ô ÆÄ±«µÇ´Â Ư¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾î ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº ´õ¿í À§±âÀǽÄÀ» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.


Çɶõµå´Â ºÏ±ØÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ Á¤ºÎ °£ Çù·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿ª¼³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦¾ÈÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, 1989³â Çɶõµå Rovaniemi¿¡¼­ ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æº¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ÇùÀÇȸÀǸ¦ °³ÃÖÇÑ ÈÄ 3Â÷·ÊÀÇ ÁغñȸÀǸ¦ °ÅÃÄ AEPS¸¦ äÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·Î½á ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº ´õ ½ÇÁúÀûÀ̰í ÅëÇÕµÈ Çù·ÂÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â ¹ßÀü´Ü°è¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Donald Rothwell, pp. 231-233. ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº 1989³â 9¿ù RovaniemiȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æ¹®Á¦¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÖ´Â ºÏ±Ø±Ç °¢·áȸÀǸ¦ °³ÃÖÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÕÀÇÇÏ¿´°í, µÚÀ̾î 1990³â 4¿ù ij³ª´Ù Yellowknife, 1991³â 1¿ù ½º¿þµ§ Kiruna, 1991³â 6¿ù Çɶõµå Rovaniemi¿¡¼­ 3Â÷·ÊÀÇ ÁغñȸÀǸ¦ °¡Á³´Ù.


AEPS¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀº ij³ª´Ù, µ§¸¶Å©(±×¸°¶õµå¿Í Faroe Islands Æ÷ÇÔ), Çɶõµå, ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå, ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ, ½º¿þµ§, ·¯½Ã¾Æ, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 8°³±¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁß ºÏ±ØÇØ ¿¬¾È±¹Àº ij³ª´Ù, µ§¸¶Å©, ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ, ¹Ì±¹, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ 5°³±¹ÀÌ´Ù. ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº AEPS äÅðú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æº¸È£¼±¾ð(Declaration on the Protection of the Arctic Environment)¿¡ ¼­¸íÇϰí, AEPSÀÇ ÀÌÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ¿´´Ù.


AEPSÀÇ ¸ñÀû, ¿øÄ¢°ú Áö¸®Àû ¹üÀ§


AEPSÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº i) Àΰ£À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ºÏ±Ø»ýŰèÀÇ º¸È£, ii) ȯ°æÀû Áú(environmental quality)ÀÇ º¸È£¡¤ÁõÁø¡¤Çâ»ó°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀÚ¿øÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÌ¿ë(sustainable utilization) Á¦°ø, iii) ºÏ±ØÀÇ È¯°æº¸È£¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ ÀüÅëÀû¡¤¹®È­Àû ÇÊ¿ä, °¡Ä¡, °üÇà ÀÎÁ¤, iv) ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æ »óÅÂÀÇ Á¤±âÀûÀÎ °ËÅä, v) ȯ°æ¿À¿°ÀÇ È®ÀÎ, °¨¼Ò ¹× ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ Á¦°Å¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy(1998), 2.1.


AEPSÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î´Â º¸Á¸(conservation), Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÌ¿ë, »ýÅÂ°è ±¸¼º¿ä¼ÒÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÇÁ¸¼º(interdependent nature), ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ »çȸ¡¤°æÁ¦¡¤¹®È­Àû ÇÊ¿ä¿Í °¡Ä¡ÀÇ °í·Á µîÀÌ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. Ibid., 2.2.


AEPS´Â ºÏ±ØÁö¿ªÀÇ Áö¸®Àû ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. AEPS¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ºÏ±Ø±Ç(Arctic circle) ºÏÂÊ¿¡ ¿µÅ並 °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡¿Í working groupÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó ºÏ±ØÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ºÏ±Ø±ÇÀ» ºÏ±ØÀÇ ³²ÂÊ °æ°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ·Î º¸±â´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù(Timo Koivurova, "Limits and Possibilities of the Arctic Council in a Rapidly Changing Scene of Arctic Governance", Polar Record, Cambridge University Press 2009, p. 2).


AEPSÀÇ Á¶Ä¡¿Í ÀÌÇà

AEPS´Â ºÏ±ØÀÇ È¯°æº¸È£¿Í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ Àü·«°ú ´ëÀÀÁ¶Ä¡¸¦ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ºÏ±ØÀÌ °Þ°í Àִ ȯ°æ¹®Á¦¿Í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¦µµ¸¦ °ËÅäÇÏ°í °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çൿ°èȹ(action plan)°ú Á¶Ä¡¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÜ·ù¼º À¯±â¿À¿°¹°Áú(Persistent Organic Pollutants: POPs), ±â¸§(oil), Á߱ݼÓ, ¼ÒÀ½, ¹æ»ç¼º¹°Áú, »ê¼ºÈ­(acidification) µî 6°³ ºÐ¾ß ȯ°æÀ̽´ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» È®ÀÎÇϰí À̸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±¹Á¦¹®¼­¿Í Á¤Ã¥¼±¾ðÀ» °ËÅäÇÑ ÈÄ, ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æ¿¡ ÀûÀýÇϰí ÀûÇÕÇÑ ÇàÀ§°èȹÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(section. 3-5). ±âÈĺ¯È­¿Í ¿ÀÁ¸Ãþ ÆÄ±« ¹®Á¦´Â ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷·³¿¡¼­ ´Ù·ç¾îÁ³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ AEPS¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ¿´´Ù.


°¢°¢ÀÇ È¯°æÀ̽´¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¡°È¯°æÀÇ »óÅÂ(State of the Environment)" º¸°í¼­°¡ °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁغñµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æÀÇ º¸È£¿Í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ°í ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ Çù·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÔÀ¸·Î½á AEPSÀÇ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇàÀ» º¸ÀåÇÑ´Ù.


AEPSÀÇ ÀÌÇàÀº ºÏ±Ø °¨½Ã ¹× Æò°¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program: ÀÌÇÏ AMAP), ºÏ±Ø ÇØ¾çȯ°æ º¸È£(Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment: ÀÌÇÏ PAME), ±ä±Þ»çÅ ¹æÁö, ´ëºñ ¹× ´ëÀÀ(Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response: ÀÌÇÏ EPPR), ºÏ±Ø µ¿½Ä¹° º¸Á¸(Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna : ÀÌÇÏ CAFF) ÀÇ 4°³ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½Ç½ÃµÈ´Ù(section. 6-9).


ÀÌÁß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÑ °ÍÀº AMAPÀÌ´Ù. AMAPÀº 1992³â AMAP Task Force¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ¸Å³â ȸµ¿À» °¡Á³À¸¸ç ´ë±â, Àΰ£°Ç°­, ´ã¼ö, ÇØ¾ç, Áö±¸ µî 5°³ÀÇ AMAP ¼Ò ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(sub-programmes)À» °¢°¢ 5°³ ±¹°¡¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿© °ü¸®Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1997³â AMAPÀÌ ºÏ±Ø ȯ°æ»óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸°í¼­(the State of the Arctic Environment Report: SOAER)¸¦ Á¦ÃâÇÑ ÈÄ, ºÏ±ØÀÌ»çȸ´Â À̸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ºÏ±ØÀÇ ¿À¿°¿øÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ºÏ±ØÀÌ»çȸÇൿ°èȹ(Artic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution of the Arctic: ÀÌÇÏ ACAP)°ú À°»ó¿À¿°¿øÀ» °¨¼ÒÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Áö¿ªÇൿÇÁ·Î±×·¥(Regional Programme of Action)À» äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÜ·ù¼º À¯±â¿À¿°¹°Áú·Î ÀÎÇÑ ºÏ±Ø »ýŰè¿Í ¿øÁֹΠ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ¸·±â À§ÇØ 2001³â ½ºÅåȦ¸§Çù¾à(Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants)ÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀ» À̲ø¾î³½ °ÍÀº AMAPÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¼º°ú·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¹Û¿¡ CAFF, PAME, EPPRµµ °¢°¢ Working GroupÀ» µÎ°í °ü·Ã ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾ú°í, À̵éÀÇ È°µ¿Àº °¢·áȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ °ËÅäµÇ¾ú´Ù(Donald Rothwell, pp. 235-236).


AEPSÀÇ ¹ýÀû ÁöÀ§

AEPS´Â Á¶¾àÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¹ýÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ °®´Â°¡? 1969³â Á¶¾à¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ Vienna Çù¾à Á¦2Á¶¿¡ µû¸£¸é Á¶¾àÀº ¡°±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹®¼­ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πü°áµÇ°í, ±¹Á¦¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ±¹Á¦Àû ÇÕÀÇ¡±·Î Á¤ÀǵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. AEPS´Â ¹®¼­ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ°í ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÕÀÇµÈ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±¹Á¦¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í º¸±â´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù. AEPS´Â ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºñÁØÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, UN¿¡ Á¶¾à¹®¼­·Î µî·ÏÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. AEPS µµÀԺο¡´Â ¡°AEPSÀÇ ÀÌÇàÀÌ ±¹³»¹ý°ú À¯¿£Çؾç¹ýÇù¾à µî ±¹Á¦°ü½À¹ýÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ±¹Á¦¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù.¡± (AEPS, section 1, pp. 7-8) °í ¸í½ÃÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ±¹Á¦¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹ýÀû ±Ç¸®¿Í Àǹ«¸¦ ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡¿¡ ºÎ°úÇÑ´Ù°í ÇØ¼®Çϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù.


¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº AEPS¸¦ Á¶¾àÀ¸·Î¼­ ÁؼöÇÒ Àǻ簡 ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§ AEPS´Â Á¶¾àÀÇ ¹ýÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ °®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µéÀº AEPS¸¦ ÀÌÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇßÁö¸¸ ¹ýÀû Àǹ«¸¦ ºÎ´ãÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Donald Rothwell, p. 239).


AEPS´Â ¡°soft-law" Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ È¯°æÇù·ÂüÁ¦·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡´Â soft law¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¹ýÀû ±Ç¸®¿Í Àǹ«¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


AEPSÀÇ ¼º°ú¿Í ÇѰè

AEPS´Â ºÏ±ØÈ¯°æÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¾à¼ÓÀ» À̲ø¾î³Â°í, ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Çù·ÂÀ» ÃËÁø½Ã۴µ¥ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù´Â Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª AEPS°¡ Á¶¾àÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¹ýÀû ±¸¼Ó·Â¾ø´Â ¹®¼­(non-legally binding instrument)¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ºñÆÇÀû ½Ã°¢µµ ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù. AEPSÀÇ Çൿ°èȹÀº ±¸Ã¼Àû ¸ñÇ¥³ª ½Ã°£Ç¥¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí, ȯ°æ¿À¿° ±ÔÁ¦¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ÀϹÝÀû Àǹ«¸¸À» Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ À̽´¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÃÄ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ À̽´¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬°á½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Linda Nowlan, Arctic Legal Regime for Environmental Protection, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No.44, 2001, p. 10). ¶ÇÇÑ È¯°æ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿Í ´ëÈ­¸¸ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ°í ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½Çõ°èȹÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ȯ°æ¿À¿°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀû ´ëÀÀÃ¥¸¸ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(David Vander Zwagg, Rob Huebert, Stacey Ferrara, "The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, Arctic Council and Multilateral Environmental Initiatives: Tinkering While the Arctic Marine Environment Totters", The Law of the Sea and Polar Maritime Delimitation and Jurisdiction (ed by Alex G. Oude Elferink & Donald R. Rothwell), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001, p. 226)´Â Á¡µµ ÁöÀûµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


´Ù¸¸ AEPS°¡ ºÏ±Ø±ÇÀÇ È¯°æ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ºÏ±Ø±Ç±¹°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ ´ÙÀÚÇù·ÂÀ» À̲ø¾î³Â°í, ºÏ±ØÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ü¸®Ã¼Á¦·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â ±âÃʸ¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ±àÁ¤Àû Àǹ̸¦ °®´Â´Ù°í º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.



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